7. (b) Discuss how environmentalism can be explained with new social movements approach (2022/P1/20/Environment)




  • The New Social Movements (NSM) approach offers a framework to understand the emergence and dynamics of various contemporary social movements, including environmentalism. This approach moves beyond the traditional models of class-based movements and focuses on identity, culture, and lifestyle as key factors in mobilization. Here's how environmentalism can be explained using the New Social Movements approach:
  • Postmaterialist Values:
  • NSM Perspective: Environmentalism is often linked to postmaterialist values, where concerns shift from basic material needs to issues related to quality of life, identity, and the environment. The NSM approach recognizes the rise of postmaterialist values as a driving force behind new social movements.

  • Explanation: Environmental movements often prioritize ecological sustainability, conservation, and the protection of the environment over purely economic concerns. The NSM framework acknowledges that these movements go beyond traditional class-based struggles and are driven by a broader set of values related to the well-being of the planet.
  • Cultural and Lifestyle Identity:
  • NSM Perspective: New Social Movements emphasize the role of cultural identity and lifestyle choices in mobilizing individuals. Environmentalism, in this context, becomes not only a political movement but also a cultural and lifestyle identity.

  • Explanation: Environmental activists often identify with a particular lifestyle that embraces sustainable practices, eco-friendly consumption, and a connection to nature. The NSM approach recognizes that environmentalism is not solely about policy advocacy but is deeply intertwined with the personal choices and cultural identity of its participants.
  • Networks and Transnationalism:
  • NSM Perspective: New Social Movements often operate through decentralized networks and transnational connections. Environmental movements, too, are characterized by global networks that collaborate across borders to address shared environmental concerns.

  • Explanation: Environmental activism often involves collaboration between local and global actors. The NSM approach highlights the importance of transnational connections and the exchange of ideas, strategies, and resources among environmental activists and organizations.
  • Issue Framing and Symbolic Politics:
  • NSM Perspective: The framing of issues and symbolic politics are central to the New Social Movements. Environmental movements engage in framing environmental issues in a way that resonates with cultural values and symbols.

  • Explanation: Environmentalists often use symbolic language and cultural narratives to frame issues such as climate change, deforestation, or pollution. The NSM approach acknowledges the importance of symbolic communication in mobilizing support and shaping public perceptions of environmental problems.
  • Postmodern Critique:
  • NSM Perspective: The NSM approach incorporates postmodern critiques of traditional structures and power relations. Environmentalism, viewed through this lens, challenges dominant paradigms and critiques the unsustainable exploitation of nature.

  • Explanation: Environmental movements often question established systems of production, consumption, and governance. The NSM perspective recognizes the postmodern critique embedded in environmental activism, which challenges the prevailing narratives and practices that contribute to ecological degradation.
  • Identity Politics and Inclusivity:
  • NSM Perspective: New Social Movements emphasize identity politics and inclusivity. Environmental movements, too, strive to be inclusive by addressing issues related to environmental justice, indigenous rights, and the intersectionality of environmental concerns.

  • Explanation: Environmental activism is not limited to a specific demographic or class. The NSM framework recognizes the diversity of participants in environmental movements and the importance of addressing social inequalities related to environmental degradation.
  • Media and Communication:
  • NSM Perspective: The role of media and communication is vital in New Social Movements. Environmental movements leverage media platforms to disseminate information, raise awareness, and mobilize public opinion.

  • Explanation: Environmental activists use various media channels, including social media, to communicate their messages and connect with a broader audience. The NSM approach acknowledges the significance of communication strategies in the success and visibility of environmental movements.
  • In summary, the New Social Movements approach provides a valuable framework for understanding environmentalism by emphasizing postmaterialist values, cultural and lifestyle identity, network structures, issue framing, postmodern critiques, identity politics, inclusivity, and the role of media and communication. This perspective recognizes the complexity and multifaceted nature of contemporary social movements, including those focused on environmental issues.


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7. (b) Discuss how environmentalism can be explained with new social movements approach (2022/P1/20/Environment)