2. (b) Explain the different types of non probability sampling techniques. Bring out the conditions of their uses with appropriate examples. (2022/P1/20/Qualitative and Quantitative methods)
Non-probability sampling techniques are methods of selecting a sample from a population in which not every individual or element has an equal chance of being included. These techniques are often used when it is difficult or impractical to obtain a random sample. Here are different types of non-probability sampling techniques along with conditions for their use and examples:
Convenience Sampling:
Description: Convenience sampling involves selecting individuals who are readily available or easily accessible.
Conditions for Use:
Appropriate when quick and cost-effective access to participants is essential.
Used in exploratory research or when generalizability is not a primary concern.
Example: Interviewing people on the street or surveying classmates.
Purposive or Judgmental Sampling:
Description: Purposive sampling involves selecting participants based on the researcher's judgment or specific criteria.
Conditions for Use:
Useful when the researcher wants to target a specific subgroup within the population.
Appropriate for studies focusing on particular characteristics or traits.
Example: Selecting experts in a field for in-depth interviews.
Quota Sampling:
Description: Quota sampling involves setting specific quotas for certain characteristics and then selecting individuals who meet those criteria until the quota is filled.
Conditions for Use:
Suitable when the researcher wants to ensure representation of certain subgroups in the sample.
Useful when the population is diverse, and the researcher wants proportional representation.
Example: Ensuring a certain percentage of males and females in a sample.
Snowball Sampling:
Description: Snowball sampling involves selecting initial participants, who then refer the researcher to others, creating a chain or "snowball" effect.
Conditions for Use:
Appropriate when the target population is difficult to reach directly.
Useful for researching hidden or marginalized populations.
Example: Studying the social networks of drug users by starting with a few individuals and expanding through referrals.
Volunteer Sampling or Self-Selection:
Description: Volunteer sampling occurs when participants voluntarily choose to be part of the study.
Conditions for Use:
Common in online surveys, experiments, or studies where individuals self-select to participate.
May introduce bias as those who volunteer may differ from those who do not.
Example: Online polls where respondents choose to participate.
Expert Sampling:
Description: Expert sampling involves selecting individuals who are considered experts in a particular field or domain.
Conditions for Use:
Appropriate when studying a specialized topic requiring expertise.
Useful for gaining insights from knowledgeable individuals.
Example: Surveying top executives in a specific industry.
It's important to note that non-probability sampling techniques often come with limitations related to generalizability and potential bias. Researchers should carefully consider the research objectives, the characteristics of the population, and the potential impact of these limitations when choosing a non-probability sampling approach.
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2. (b) Explain the different types of non probability sampling techniques. Bring out the conditions of their uses with appropriate examples. (2022/P1/20/Qualitative and Quantitative methods)